什么是太陽能電池？

太陽能電(dian)池是通過光電(dian)效(xiao)應或者(zhe)光化(hua)學(xue)效(xiao)應直接把光能轉(zhuan)化(hua)成電(dian)能的裝置。

太陽能電池的原理是怎樣的？

太陽光(guang)照在半導體p-n結上(shang)，形成新的空穴-電(dian)(dian)(dian)子對，在p-n結電(dian)(dian)(dian)場的作用下，空穴由n區(qu)流(liu)向p區(qu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)子由p區(qu)流(liu)向n區(qu)，接(jie)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)后就(jiu)形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。這就(jiu)是(shi)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效應太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的工(gong)作原理。

一、太(tai)陽能發電方式太陽能發電(dian)(dian)有兩種(zhong)方式，一(yi)種(zhong)是光—熱—電(dian)(dian)轉換方式，另一(yi)種(zhong)是光—電(dian)(dian)直接轉換方式。

（1）光—熱(re)—電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換方式通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)利用(yong)(yong)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)輻射產生的(de)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)，一(yi)般(ban)是(shi)(shi)由太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)集(ji)熱(re)器將所吸收的(de)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成工質的(de)蒸(zheng)氣，再(zai)驅動(dong)汽輪(lun)機發電(dian)(dian)(dian)。前一(yi)個(ge)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)光—熱(re)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)；后一(yi)個(ge)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)熱(re)—電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，與(yu)普通(tong)(tong)的(de)火力發電(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)樣.太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)缺點(dian)是(shi)(shi)效率(lv)很低(di)而成本很高，估計它的(de)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)至少要比普通(tong)(tong)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)貴5～10倍.一(yi)座1000MW的(de)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)需要投(tou)資(zi)(zi)20～25億(yi)美(mei)元，平均1kW的(de)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)為2000～2500美(mei)元。因此(ci)，目前只能(neng)(neng)小規模地應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于特殊的(de)場(chang)合，而大規模利用(yong)(yong)在經(jing)濟上(shang)很不合算，還(huan)不能(neng)(neng)與(yu)普通(tong)(tong)的(de)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)或核電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)相競爭。

（2）光(guang)(guang)(guang)—電(dian)(dian)(dian)直接(jie)轉換方(fang)式(shi)該方(fang)式(shi)是利(li)用(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效應，將太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)輻射(she)能(neng)(neng)(neng)直接(jie)轉換成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)—電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本裝置(zhi)就(jiu)是太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是一(yi)種由(you)于光(guang)(guang)(guang)生伏(fu)特效應而將太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)直接(jie)轉化為電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器件，是一(yi)個半導體(ti)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)二(er)極管，當太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)照到光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)二(er)極管上時，光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)二(er)極管就(jiu)會(hui)把太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)變成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。當許多(duo)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)串(chuan)聯或并聯起來就(jiu)可以(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)為有比(bi)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出功(gong)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)方(fang)陣了。太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是一(yi)種大(da)有前途(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，具(ju)有永久性(xing)(xing)、清潔性(xing)(xing)和(he)靈活性(xing)(xing)三大(da)優點(dian).太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命長，只要太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)存在，太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就(jiu)可以(yi)一(yi)次(ci)投資而長期使用(yong)；與(yu)火(huo)力發電(dian)(dian)(dian)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)相比(bi)，太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不會(hui)引起環境污(wu)染；太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可以(yi)大(da)中小并舉，大(da)到百萬千(qian)瓦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中型電(dian)(dian)(dian)站，小到只供(gong)一(yi)戶用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組，這是其它電(dian)(dian)(dian)源無法(fa)比(bi)擬(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

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